Actives: Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid)
L-ascorbic acid and its derivatives: strength, pH and what the delivery studies show.
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B Supported, with caveats
C E Ferulic ‘dupes’, decoded: what the 2005 study tested, and three cheaper serums read against it
Every ‘C E Ferulic dupe’ leans on one 2005 study: ferulic acid doubled the sun-protection effect of a 15% vitamin C + 1% vitamin…